按(an)照“質量、安全(quan)(quan)、應用、效益”的(de)總要(yao)求,堅持(chi)“自主、開放(fang)、兼(jian)容、漸進(jin)”的(de)發(fa)展原則,遵(zun)循“先區域(yu)、后(hou)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)”的(de)總體思路,按(an)照“三步走”的(de)發(fa)展路線,“先區域(yu)、有源,后(hou)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)、無源”的(de)發(fa)展思路,分步進(jin)行實施(shi),形成突出區域(yu)確(que)保、面向全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)服務、富有中國特色的(de)北(bei)斗系統生成模式和發(fa)展道路。北(bei)斗衛星導航系統具體發(fa)展步驟(zou)如下:
第一步是北斗衛星導(dao)航試(shi)驗系(xi)統(tong):
1994年,中國啟(qi)動北(bei)斗衛(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航試(shi)驗(yan)系統建設;2000年相繼發射(she)2顆北(bei)斗導(dao)航試(shi)驗(yan)衛(wei)星(xing),建成北(bei)斗衛(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航試(shi)驗(yan)系統成為世界上第三個擁有自主衛(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航系統的國家;2003年發射(she)第3顆北(bei)斗導(dao)航試(shi)驗(yan)衛(wei)星(xing)進一(yi)步增強(qiang)了北(bei)斗衛(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航試(shi)驗(yan)系統性能(neng)。
斗衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)導航(hang)試驗系(xi)統由空(kong)間(jian)星(xing)(xing)座段、地面(mian)運(yun)控(kong)(kong)段和(he)(he)用戶(hu)終(zhong)端(duan)段三大(da)部(bu)分組(zu)成(cheng)。空(kong)間(jian)星(xing)(xing)座段包括3顆GEO衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)分別定點(dian)于(yu)東經80度(du)、110.5度(du)和(he)(he)140度(du)赤道上空(kong)。地面(mian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)部(bu)分由地面(mian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)和(he)(he)若干標(biao)校(xiao)站(zhan)組(zu)成(cheng),地面(mian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)主要(yao)完成(cheng)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)軌道確定、電離(li)層校(xiao)正、用戶(hu)位(wei)(wei)置確定及(ji)用戶(hu)短報文信(xin)息(xi)(xi)交換等(deng)任務;標(biao)校(xiao)站(zhan)主要(yao)為地面(mian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)提供距(ju)離(li)觀(guan)測(ce)量和(he)(he)校(xiao)正參數。用戶(hu)終(zhong)端(duan)部(bu)分由手持型、車載型和(he)(he)指揮型等(deng)各(ge)種英(ying)型的終(zhong)端(duan)組(zu)成(cheng),具有(you)發射定位(wei)(wei)申請和(he)(he)接收(shou)位(wei)(wei)置坐(zuo)標(biao)信(xin)息(xi)(xi)等(deng)北斗衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)導航(hang)試驗系(xi)統主要(yao)功能和(he)(he)性能指標(biao)如(ru)下:
●服務(wu)功能定位(wei)、單雙向(xiang)授(shou)時(shi)、短報文通信;
●服務區域(yu):中國(guo)及周邊(bian)地(di)區;
●定位精度優(you)于(yu)20米(mi);
●授(shou)時精度(du)單向100納秒(miao)雙向20納秒(miao);
●短(duan)報文(wen)通信:120個漢字(zi)/次。
第二步(bu)是北斗衛星導航系(xi)統區域(yu)服(fu)務:
2004年中國啟動北(bei)(bei)斗衛星(xing)導航(hang)系(xi)統工(gong)程建設,2012年底完成5顆(ke)GE衛星(xing)、5顆(ke)GSO衛星(xing)和4顆(ke)MEO衛星(xing)組網具備(bei)區域服(fu)務(wu)能(neng)力。北(bei)(bei)斗衛星(xing)導航(hang)系(xi)統區城服(fu)務(wu)的主要功能(neng)和性(xing)能(neng)指標如下:
●服務功能:定位、測速、單雙向(xiang)授時(shi)、短報文通信;
●服務區(qu)域中國及周邊(bian)地區(qu);
●定位精度:平面10米(mi),高程(cheng)10米(mi);
●測(ce)速精度:優于0.2米/秒;
●授時精度(du):單向50納秒雙(shuang)向20納秒;
●短報文通信:120個漢字/次。
第三步是北斗衛星導(dao)航(hang)系統全球服務:
2017年開始北(bei)斗三號(hao)開始進入衛星的密(mi)集發(fa)射,全球組網期,2019年6月25日02時(shi)09分,我國在(zai)西昌(chang)衛星發(fa)射中心(xin)用長征三號(hao)乙(yi)運載火(huo)前(qian),成功發(fa)射第四十六顆北(bei)斗導航衛星。
該衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)是北斗(dou)(dou)三(san)號(hao)系統(tong)的(de)第(di)二(er)十(shi)(shi)一(yi)顆(ke)(ke)組網衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)、第(di)二(er)顆(ke)(ke)傾斜地球同(tong)步軌(gui)道衛(wei)(wei)星(xing),經(jing)過一(yi)系列在軌(gui)測(ce)試后,衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)與此(ci)前發射的(de)二(er)十(shi)(shi)顆(ke)(ke)北斗(dou)(dou)三(san)號(hao)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)組網運(yun)行(xing),適時提(ti)(ti)供服(fu)務,進一(yi)步提(ti)(ti)升北斗(dou)(dou)系統(tong)覆蓋(gai)能力和(he)服(fu)務性能。預計在2019年(nian)底之前,還將發射9顆(ke)(ke)北斗(dou)(dou)三(san)號(hao)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing),為實現在2020年(nian)北斗(dou)(dou)三(san)號(hao)30顆(ke)(ke)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)向(xiang)全球提(ti)(ti)供完全服(fu)務奠定基礎。
北(bei)斗系統(tong)由空間段(duan)(duan)、運(yun)控段(duan)(duan)和(he)(he)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)段(duan)(duan)三個(ge)部分組成:北(bei)斗三號(hao)空間段(duan)(duan)由30顆(ke)衛星(xing)(xing)組成,其(qi)中包括(kuo)3顆(ke)地(di)球(qiu)靜止軌道(GEO)衛星(xing)(xing)、3顆(ke)傾斜地(di)球(qiu)同步軌道(GSO)衛星(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)24顆(ke)中圓地(di)球(qiu)軌道(MEO)衛星(xing)(xing);運(yun)控段(duan)(duan)包括(kuo)主控站、注入站、監測(ce)站等30余個(ge)地(di)面站;用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)段(duan)(duan)包括(kuo)北(bei)斗終(zhong)端、與其(qi)他(ta)導航系統(tong)兼(jian)容(rong)的(de)終(zhong)端,以及相關的(de)應用(yong)(yong)服務系統(tong)。目前完(wan)全(quan)工作的(de)北(bei)斗二號(hao)系統(tong)提供授(shou)(shou)權、公開、廣(guang)域差分(星(xing)(xing)基增強)和(he)(he)短報文等四(si)種服務,定位精度(du)(du)優(you)于10米,授(shou)(shou)時精度(du)(du)優(you)于20納秒(miao),測(ce)速精度(du)(du)為每秒(miao)0.2米。
當前(qian)BDS是(shi)(shi)GNSS中最為(wei)復雜(za)的系統,它不僅是(shi)(shi)北(bei)斗二號區域系統與(yu)北(bei)斗三(san)(san)(san)號全球(qiu)系統過渡性(xing)組合(he),也是(shi)(shi)融合(he)GEO、IGSO、MEO 3種(zhong)軌道(dao)類型的復雜(za)星(xing)(xing)(xing)座(zuo),還是(shi)(shi)同時提供(gong)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)、導(dao)航(hang)、授(shou)時( Positioning,Navigation and Time,PNT)服務(wu)和(he)(he)通信服務(wu)的衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)系統。2019年4月23日發(fa)射(she)的衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)(shi)北(bei)斗三(san)(san)(san)號第20顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)組網(wang)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing),也是(shi)(shi)北(bei)斗三(san)(san)(san)號首顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)IGSO衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing),該(gai)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)此前(qian)發(fa)射(she)的18顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)MEO衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)1顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)GEO衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)進(jin)行(xing)組網(wang)。2019年內還要繼續發(fa)射(she)6顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)MEO、2顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)GEO和(he)(he)2顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)GSO衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing),實現北(bei)斗三(san)(san)(san)號30顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)全星(xing)(xing)(xing)座(zuo)組網(wang),為(wei)在(zai)2020年全面提供(gong)全球(qiu)服務(wu)創造(zao)條(tiao)件,屆時北(bei)斗三(san)(san)(san)號在(zai)軌衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)達到30顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke),其(qi)(qi)中3顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)GEO,3顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)IGSO,加上24顆(ke)(ke)(ke)(ke)MEO衛(wei)(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing),是(shi)(shi)GNSS中額定(ding)(ding)(ding)星(xing)(xing)(xing)座(zuo)中最大(da)的星(xing)(xing)(xing)座(zuo)。北(bei)斗三(san)(san)(san)號全球(qiu)服務(wu)的性(xing)能指標是(shi)(shi),空間信號測距誤差優于(yu)0.5m,其(qi)(qi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)位(wei)精(jing)度單頻(pin)測量為(wei)7m,雙頻(pin)測量為(wei)3m,測速精(jing)度0.2m/s,授(shou)時精(jing)度20ns.可(ke)用性(xing)99%。而其(qi)(qi)在(zai)亞太區域的服務(wu)性(xing)能明顯優于(yu)全球(qiu)性(xing)能。
北(bei)斗(dou)三號(hao)系統(tong)與(yu)(yu)其它GNSS相比的最大特色(se),是(shi)具(ju)有(you)區域短(duan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)服務和全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)短(duan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)服務,這是(shi)其它GNSS所沒有(you)的。而(er)這是(shi)與(yu)(yu)北(bei)斗(dou)系統(tong)的發展(zhan)(zhan)過(guo)程密切(qie)相關(guan)的,因(yin)為(wei)北(bei)斗(dou)系統(tong)是(shi)從有(you)源系統(tong)發展(zhan)(zhan)過(guo)來的,繼續保留了(le)相關(guan)的特色(se),不僅(jin)在(zai)(zai)北(bei)斗(dou)二號(hao)中(zhong)應用(yong),而(er)且還(huan)延續到(dao)北(bei)斗(dou)三號(hao)中(zhong),同時(shi)實(shi)現了(le)區域和全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)的短(duan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)息通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)服務。同樣理(li)由,北(bei)斗(dou)三號(hao)把全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)基本服務系統(tong)與(yu)(yu)區城(星基)增強系統(tong)組(zu)合在(zai)(zai)一起(qi),因(yin)此(ci)成為(wei)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)最為(wei)復雜的系統(tong),具(ju)備中(zhong)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)軌道(dao)(MEO)、地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)靜止軌道(dao)(GEO)和傾斜(xie)地(di)球(qiu)(qiu)(qiu)同步(bu)軌道(dao)(GSO)三種軌道(dao)形式的組(zu)合,也成為(wei)未來導航與(yu)(yu)通(tong)(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)融合衛星的一種先(xian)驅性探索。
北(bei)斗衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)導(dao)航(hang)試驗(yan)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),也被稱作北(bei)斗一(yi)號,是北(bei)斗衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)較早投入使用(yong)的(de)(de)第一(yi)代試驗(yan)用(yong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong),使用(yong)的(de)(de)是有游定(ding)位,由三(san)顆(ke)定(ding)位衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(兩顆(ke)工(gong)作衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)、一(yi)顆(ke)備(bei)份衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing))地面控制中(zhong)心為主的(de)(de)地面部分以(yi)及用(yong)戶終端(duan)三(san)部分組(zu)成。北(bei)斗一(yi)號衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)導(dao)航(hang)定(ding)位系(xi)統(tong)(tong)可向用(yong)戶提供全天候的(de)(de)即時定(ding)位服(fu)務。校準(zhun)精度為20米,未(wei)校準(zhun)精度100米。
該試驗(yan)系(xi)統于1994年正式立項(xiang),2000年發射(she)2顆衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)后即能夠工作,2003年又發射(she)了一顆備份衛(wei)(wei)星(xing),試驗(yan)系(xi)統完(wan)成組(zu)建,該系(xi)統服(fu)務范(fan)圍(wei)為東(dong)經70-140°,北緯(wei)5°-55°。在衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)的(de)壽命(ming)到(dao)期(qi)后,系(xi)統已(yi)停止工作。
北斗衛(wei)星導航試驗系統由空(kong)間星座段、地面(mian)運控(kong)段和用戶(hu)(hu)終(zhong)端段大(da)部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)。空(kong)間星座段包括3顆GEO衛(wei)星,分(fen)別定點于東經80度、110.5度和140度赤道上空(kong)。地面(mian)控(kong)制部(bu)分(fen)由地面(mian)控(kong)制中(zhong)心和若干(gan)標(biao)校(xiao)(xiao)站組成(cheng),地面(mian)控(kong)制中(zhong)心主要完成(cheng)衛(wei)星軌道確定、電離(li)層校(xiao)(xiao)正用戶(hu)(hu)位(wei)置(zhi)確定及用戶(hu)(hu)短報文(wen)信息交換等任務;標(biao)校(xiao)(xiao)站主要為地面(mian)控(kong)制中(zhong)心提供距離(li)觀測量和校(xiao)(xiao)正參數。用戶(hu)(hu)終(zhong)端部(bu)分(fen)由手持型(xing)、車載型(xing)和指揮(hui)型(xing)等各種類型(xing)的終(zhong)端組成(cheng),具(ju)有發射定位(wei)申請和接(jie)收位(wei)置(zhi)坐標(biao)信息等功能(neng)。
北斗衛星導航試驗系統主要功能(neng)(neng)和性能(neng)(neng)指標如下:
●服(fu)務功(gong)能:定位、單雙向授時、短報文通信;
●服務區域:中國(guo)及周邊地(di);
●定位精度:優于(yu)20米(mi);
●授時精度(du):單向(xiang)100納秒,雙向(xiang)20納秒;
●短報文通信:120個(ge)漢字/次。
北斗(dou)(dou)一(yi)號(hao)“系統的(de)(de)(de)空間部分由兩顆工作(zuo)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)一(yi)顆在軌(gui)備用(yong)(yong)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)組成。三顆衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)均為地(di)球靜止同步(bu)軌(gui)道衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),分別(bie)定軌(gui)于東(dong)經(jing)80度(du)、140度(du)和(he)1105度(du)(備用(yong)(yong)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))。三顆衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)距離地(di)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度(du)約(yue)為36000公里。北斗(dou)(dou)一(yi)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)中(zhong)心站的(de)(de)(de)出站(地(di)面(mian)中(zhong)心站到(dao)(dao)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)到(dao)(dao)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)機(ji)或者(zhe)標(biao)校(xiao)(xiao)站)、入站信(xin)號(hao)(衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)到(dao)(dao)地(di)面(mian)中(zhong)心站、用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)機(ji)或者(zhe)標(biao)校(xiao)(xiao)站到(dao)(dao)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing))采用(yong)(yong)多(duo)種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)頻率。北斗(dou)(dou)一(yi)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)面(mian)控(kong)制段,包括(kuo)地(di)面(mian)測(ce)控(kong)系統和(he)標(biao)校(xiao)(xiao)系統。其中(zhong):地(di)面(mian)控(kong)制系統為“北斗(dou)(dou)一(yi)號(hao)”系統的(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制、管(guan)理(li)中(zhong)心,負責(ze)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)監控(kong)、用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)機(ji)定位計算(suan)、授時、通信(xin)等主要業務;測(ce)控(kong)站用(yong)(yong)于對衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)監控(kong)和(he)信(xin)息(xi)注入。標(biao)校(xiao)(xiao)系統由各類標(biao)校(xiao)(xiao)站分別(bie)擔負衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)測(ce)軌(gui)、差分定位和(he)氣壓測(ce)高(gao)任務。北斗(dou)(dou)一(yi)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)段,包括(kuo)普通型(xing)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)機(ji)、指揮型(xing)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)機(ji)和(he)授時型(xing)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)機(ji)三種(zhong)類型(xing)。
北(bei)(bei)(bei)斗一(yi)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)實行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)有源(yuan)定(ding)位(wei)方法(fa),每顆(ke)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)到(dao)(dao)(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)應為真(zhen)距(ju)(ju)離(li)(即(ji)與(yu)(yu)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)機(ji)時鐘(zhong)無(wu)關)。采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)應答方式(shi)測(ce)(ce)(ce)得衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)到(dao)(dao)(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)距(ju)(ju)離(li)精度(du)(du)只與(yu)(yu)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)源(yuan)時鐘(zhong)(即(ji)原子鐘(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du))有關。需要準確(que)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理(li)高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)據(ju)。本系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)理(li)高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)據(ju)由國家(jia)高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)據(ju)庫提供(gong),可(ke)準確(que)到(dao)(dao)(dao)米以(yi)內(nei)(nei),能(neng)滿足定(ding)位(wei)計算精度(du)(du)要求。北(bei)(bei)(bei)斗一(yi)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)原理(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi),采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)計算機(ji)根據(ju)已知準確(que)位(wei)置的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)顆(ke)地(di)球同步(bu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)為球心(xin)以(yi)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)到(dao)(dao)(dao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)為半(ban)徑(jing)(用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)詢(xun)(xun)問和(he)應答信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)得到(dao)(dao)(dao),并可(ke)以(yi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)標校站(zhan)(zhan)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)消除誤差)構造兩(liang)個球面(mian)(mian),以(yi)地(di)球的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)半(ban)徑(jing)加(jia)上用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)為半(ban)徑(jing)(高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)數(shu)據(ju)庫提供(gong))構造第三(san)個球面(mian)(mian),計算出這三(san)個球面(mian)(mian)在地(di)球的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)交會點(消除其鏡象點)即(ji)為用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置,這就是(shi)(shi)(shi)“三(san)球交會測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)原理(li)”。北(bei)(bei)(bei)斗一(yi)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)通過(guo)五步(bu)法(fa)實現:①地(di)面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)(zhan)向“北(bei)(bei)(bei)斗一(yi)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)系統(tong)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)發送詢(xun)(xun)問信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)將該(gai)(gai)詢(xun)(xun)問信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)以(yi)廣(guang)播方式(shi)轉(zhuan)發給服務區(qu)域(yu)內(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各種用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)機(ji);②用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)機(ji)接收到(dao)(dao)(dao)其中(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)顆(ke)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)轉(zhuan)發的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)以(yi)后,如果此時用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)有定(ding)位(wei)請求,則(ze)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)機(ji)自(zi)(zi)動向兩(liang)顆(ke)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)播發自(zi)(zi)己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應答信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)(應答信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)中(zhong)(zhong)包含本機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)識別號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)碼D):③地(di)面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)(zhan)接收到(dao)(dao)(dao)該(gai)(gai)應答信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)以(yi)后,測(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)(liang)整個應答信(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)往返總(zong)時延,并根據(ju)地(di)面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)(zhan)至(zhi)兩(liang)顆(ke)同步(bu)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)(ju)離(li)與(yu)(yu)保存在地(di)面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)機(ji)所在區(qu)域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)字高(gao)程(cheng)(cheng)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi),以(yi)及其它修正數(shu)據(ju)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)等(deng),進(jin)行(xing)選代(dai)計算解(jie)算出該(gai)(gai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)機(ji)(載體)在地(di)球表(biao)面(mian)(mian)或空中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置;④地(di)面(mian)(mian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)站(zhan)(zhan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)短報文通信(xin)(xin)方式(shi)將該(gai)(gai)位(wei)置信(xin)(xin)息(xi)(xi)通過(guo)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)傳送給用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)機(ji);⑤用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)戶(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)(hu)機(ji)將該(gai)(gai)位(wei)置顯示(shi)出來。
北斗二(er)號,是(shi)為亞太地(di)區用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)提供衛星(xing)定(ding)位、導航和授時服(fu)務。包括授權(quan)服(fu)務、公開服(fu)務、廣域(yu)差分(fen)服(fu)務及位置(zhi)報告服(fu)務四種(zhong)類型。其中(zhong)在我國(guo)及周邊地(di)區可為用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)提供定(ding)位精度1米的廣域(yu)差分(fen)服(fu)務和授權(quan)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的短報文(wen)通信服(fu)務。在位置(zhi)報告服(fu)務中(zhong),為提高用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)容(rong)量,降低發射功率(lv),將目(mu)前RDSS模(mo)式的雙重覆蓋(gai)(gai)為單重覆蓋(gai)(gai),雙星(xing)工作改(gai)為三(san)星(xing)工作,即“三(san)收(shou)單發”的工作模(mo)式,以滿足快速定(ding)位與(yu)位置(zhi)報告的要求。
北斗二(er)號的主要功(gong)能(neng)和(he)性能(neng)指標為:
●主要(yao)功(gong)能:定位、測速、單雙向授時、短(duan)報(bao)文(wen)通信;
●服(fu)務區(qu)(qu)域:中(zhong)國(guo)及(ji)部(bu)分亞太地區(qu)(qu);
●定位精度(du):優于(yu)10m;
●測速精度:優于02m/s;
●投時精(jing)度:50ns(雙向(xiang)10ns);
●短(duan)報文通信:120個漢字/次(ci)。
北斗二(er)號(hao)(hao)除與GPS類似的(de)(de)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)、導航(hang)(hang)(hang)、授時服務(wu)功能(neng)之外,還(huan)具(ju)(ju)有位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)報(bao)(bao)告、通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)以及區域(yu)高精度(du)(du)(du)定(ding)位(wei)(wei)/授時特(te)殊功能(neng)。北斗二(er)號(hao)(hao)實(shi)現了RNSS/RDSS應(ying)用(yong)集(ji)(ji)成。所(suo)(suo)謂RNSS與RDSS集(ji)(ji)成概(gai)念,是在衛星(xing)導航(hang)(hang)(hang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)衛星(xing)和(he)運控系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)中集(ji)(ji)成RNSS與RDSS兩(liang)種業務(wu),使用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)既(ji)可(ke)(ke)以不發射響應(ying)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao),自(zi)主完成連續定(ding)位(wei)(wei)、測速任(ren)務(wu),又可(ke)(ke)根(gen)據(ju)需要進行(xing)RDSS方(fang)式(shi)的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)報(bao)(bao)告,以及用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)跟(gen)蹤識別和(he)短(duan)電(dian)文通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)。在用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)終(zhong)端實(shi)現RNSS與RDSS的(de)(de)雙模集(ji)(ji)成和(he)國(guo)外GPS、 GLONASS的(de)(de)應(ying)用(yong)集(ji)(ji)成。北斗衛星(xing)導航(hang)(hang)(hang)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)上(shang)述集(ji)(ji)成應(ying)用(yong)功能(neng),與國(guo)外其(qi)他系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)相比(bi)具(ju)(ju)有突出的(de)(de)技術特(te)色。其(qi)基本原理與應(ying)用(yong)方(fang)式(shi)如下:1)在部(bu)分(fen)導航(hang)(hang)(hang)衛星(xing)(GEO.GSO)上(shang)同時安(an)排RDSS載(zai)荷(he)和(he)RNSS載(zai)荷(he),地面控制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)具(ju)(ju)有RNSS與RDSS信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)及信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息處(chu)理和(he)運行(xing)控制(zhi)能(neng)力。2)RNSS與RDSS的(de)(de)導航(hang)(hang)(hang)體制(zhi)和(he)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)格式(shi)統(tong)(tong)一在同一時間(jian)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)。3)GEO衛星(xing)的(de)(de)RDSS出站(zhan)(zhan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)和(he)RNSS導航(hang)(hang)(hang)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)均可(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)自(zi)主導航(hang)(hang)(hang),又可(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)報(bao)(bao)告和(he)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)服務(wu)。即s頻段(duan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)RNSs(所(suo)(suo)謂無(wu)源)定(ding)位(wei)(wei),RNSS的(de)(de)L頻段(duan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)服務(wu)。4)地面運控系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)RDSS業務(wu)具(ju)(ju)有用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)通(tong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)隨(sui)機(ji)接人能(neng)力,可(ke)(ke)以處(chu)理短(duan)促突發信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao),完成用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)至中心控制(zhi)系(xi)(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息交換。5)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)人站(zhan)(zhan)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息可(ke)(ke)以攜帶用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)實(shi)現位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)報(bao)(bao)告,又可(ke)(ke)以不攜帶用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息。由RDSS直接從(cong)應(ying)答信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)(hao)中處(chu)理出用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)坐(zuo)標(biao),實(shi)現無(wu)信(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)息“傳(chuan)輸的(de)(de)位(wei)(wei)置(zhi)報(bao)(bao)告。⑥利(li)用(yong)RDSS實(shi)現雙向(xiang)(xiang)授時,其(qi)精度(du)(du)(du)優于(yu)(yu)(yu)10ns,與通(tong)常的(de)(de)GPS單向(xiang)(xiang)授時相比(bi),其(qi)時間(jian)同步(bu)精度(du)(du)(du)要高。
北(bei)斗二號同時(shi)實現多系(xi)(xi)統(tong)兼(jian)容和互(hu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)應(ying)用(yong)(yong),這就是北(bei)斗系(xi)(xi)統(tong)在保持自主(zhu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)特點的(de)基礎(chu)上,具有多系(xi)(xi)統(tong)兼(jian)容與互(hu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)能(neng)(neng)力。衛(wei)星導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航系(xi)(xi)統(tong)之(zhi)間的(de)兼(jian)容性(xing)是指(zhi)各種GNSS系(xi)(xi)統(tong)定位、導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航與授時(shi)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)即(ji)可(ke)獨(du)立使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),又可(ke)同時(shi)共(gong)同使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)而不相互(hu)干擾。衛(wei)星導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航系(xi)(xi)統(tong)之(zhi)間互(hu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)能(neng)(neng)力是指(zhi)各種GNSS系(xi)(xi)統(tong)民用(yong)(yong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號的(de)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航、定位、授時(shi)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)共(gong)同使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong),并可(ke)使(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)戶獲得優(you)于(yu)各獨(du)立系(xi)(xi)統(tong)所(suo)提供信(xin)(xin)(xin)號的(de)服(fu)(fu)務(wu)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)。理想的(de)互(hu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)性(xing)可(ke)以使(shi)(shi)(shi)接(jie)收(shou)機能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)同時(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)來自北(bei)斗、GPS、 GLONAS、Galileo衛(wei)星導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號進行導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航。
北斗二號(hao)系(xi)統由(you)空間星(xing)(xing)座、地面(mian)運(yun)控和(he)用戶終端三大部(bu)分組成。其衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)座的布設是,在軌工作衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)有(you)5顆(ke)GEO衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)、5顆(ke)GSO衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)和(he)4顆(ke)MEO衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)。
北(bei)斗(dou)二號的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)段,有(you)多(duo)種類型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)斗(dou)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)終端,包(bao)括與(yu)(yu)其(qi)他導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)兼容(rong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)終端。從(cong)廣義(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)角度而言,實際(ji)上原先的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念,比(bi)較(jiao)狹窄(zhai),僅僅限于衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)定位(wei)、導(dao)航(hang)、授時接收機后來(lai)引入終端的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念,含義(yi)就大大地拓展,而且(qie)有(you)與(yu)(yu)其(qi)它(ta)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),或(huo)者技術結合(he)和集成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內涵。然而,隨著(zhu)北(bei)斗(dou)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong),或(huo)者說(shuo)是GNSs應用(yong)(yong)與(yu)(yu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)領域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不斷廣泛(fan)深(shen)入,衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航(hang)不僅深(shen)入到(dao)國民經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)行各(ge)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong),而且(qie)廣泛(fan)拓展到(dao)社(she)會(hui)民生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)種各(ge)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu),正(zheng)在逐(zhu)步成(cheng)為信息時代社(she)會(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產方(fang)式、生(sheng)活方(fang)式和生(sheng)態方(fang)式,成(cheng)為時空信息服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主力(li)軍,此時的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)段概(gai)(gai)(gai)念,已(yi)經(jing)不可避免地升級為系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念,或(huo)者說(shuo)是系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)之系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)概(gai)(gai)(gai)念,才(cai)能夠體現(xian)(xian)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航(hang)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)本身(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)潛(qian)在的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)(yong)與(yu)(yu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)價(jia)值,體現(xian)(xian)高技術的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)引領作用(yong)(yong)。
鑒于(yu)導航信號在導航系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中的重要性(xing),我國(guo)對BDS全(quan)(quan)球系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的信號設(she)計(ji)給予(yu)了(le)高度重視,聯合了(le)國(guo)內的優勢力(li)量(liang)開展了(le)關(guan)鍵(jian)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)攻關(guan)。在過去的幾年里(li),國(guo)內學(xue)術(shu)(shu)界和工業界面對北斗(dou)全(quan)(quan)球系(xi)統(tong)(tong)信號設(she)計(ji)來自頻率資源、系(xi)統(tong)(tong)間(jian)的兼容性(xing)與互操作(zuo)、知識產(chan)權等方面的嚴苛(ke)約束(shu)以及日益細(xi)化和更(geng)高性(xing)能的服務需求,經過不懈地(di)努力(li),出現(xian)了(le)多種具有北斗(dou)特(te)色(se)的創新性(xing)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)。這就是:
QMBOC
為了提(ti)供與其它系統(tong)(tong)更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)互操(cao)作(zuo)能(neng)力(li)(li),BDS全球系統(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民用(yong)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)B1C的(de)(de)(de)(de)中心(xin)頻(pin)率設在(zai)(zai)(zai)1575.42MHz,與GPSL1和(he) Galileo E1頻(pin)點(dian)重疊可以(yi)預計,未(wei)來(lai)各(ge)系統(tong)(tong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)該(gai)頻(pin)點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)開(kai)服務信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)都將會是主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)民用(yong)導航定(ding)位業(ye)務的(de)(de)(de)(de)承載(zai)信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)。因(yin)此(ci),在(zai)(zai)(zai)BC信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)設計過程(cheng)中,既需要與同一(yi)(yi)頻(pin)點(dian)其他信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)滿足(zu)射頻(pin)兼(jian)容性要求(qiu),保(bao)證與GPS L1C信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)和(he) Galileo E1OS信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)互操(cao)作(zuo)能(neng)力(li)(li),又應盡量具有(you)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)測距(ju)精(jing)度和(he)穩(wen)健性,同時支(zhi)持多種(zhong)不(bu)同的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)收(shou)處理策(ce)略。能(neng)為高(gao)中低端接(jie)收(shou)機(ji)在(zai)(zai)(zai)定(ding)位性能(neng)和(he)雜(za)度上提(ti)供多個(ge)平衡點(dian);此(ci)外,出于知識產(chan)權的(de)(de)(de)(de)考(kao)慮,發(fa)(fa)(fa)射與接(jie)收(shou)基本方式應當可以(yi)規避(bi)歐美專利(li)封鎖(suo)。如果拋開(kai)知識產(chan)權問題不(bu)論,GPS L1C所(suo)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時分復用(yong)BOC(TMBOC)是一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)滿足(zu)B1頻(pin)點(dian)設計要求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)調(diao)制技術(shu)。但該(gai)技術(shu)由(you)英(ying)國國防(fang)部(bu)下(xia)屬(shu)公(gong)司申請了專利(li)保(bao)護并已于2013年在(zai)(zai)(zai)中國獲得了授權。根(gen)據專利(li)法的(de)(de)(de)(de)規定(ding),英(ying)國有(you)權向發(fa)(fa)(fa)射TMBOC的(de)(de)(de)(de)衛星制造(zao)(zao)商(shang)以(yi)及使(shi)(shi)用(yong) TMBOC信(xin)(xin)(xin)號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)接(jie)收(shou)機(ji)、芯片制造(zao)(zao)商(shang)收(shou)取(qu)專利(li)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)費,或者禁止(zhi)這些單位使(shi)(shi)用(yong)相關專利(li)技術(shu)。這為北斗(dou)未(wei)來(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)導航產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展帶來(lai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛在(zai)(zai)(zai)威(wei)脅(xie)。
正(zheng)交復用(yong)Boc( OMBOC)技(ji)術的(de)(de)出(chu)現,打(da)破了在B1C信號(hao)設計中面對的(de)(de)專(zhuan)利璧壘(lei)。 QMBOC將BOC(1.1)信號(hao)與BOC(6,1)信號(hao)分(fen)(fen)量分(fen)(fen)別調(diao)制在載波的(de)(de)兩(liang)(liang)個彼(bi)此正(zheng)交的(de)(de)相位上,不僅避免了兩(liang)(liang)分(fen)(fen)量之間互(hu)相關分(fen)(fen)量的(de)(de)影響,而且規避 TMBOC以(yi)及CBOC的(de)(de)專(zhuan)利問(wen)題QMBOC的(de)(de)功率譜與 TMBOC相同(tong)(tong),并且同(tong)(tong)樣可以(yi)采用(yong)類BOC(1,1)的(de)(de)低(di)復雜(za)度接(jie)收(shou)模式以(yi)及高性(xing)(xing)能匹配接(jie)收(shou)模式,與GPS和 Galileo系統在同(tong)(tong)一(yi)頻(pin)段的(de)(de)公開服務(wu)信號(hao)有很(hen)好的(de)(de)兼容性(xing)(xing)與互(hu)操作性(xing)(xing)。
TD-AltBOC與ACE-BOC
為了(le)支持與GPS L5和 Galileo E5之間的(de)(de)互操作,BDS全球系統將在(zai)B2頻段的(de)(de)兩(liang)個(ge)中心頻點(dian)一(yi)一(yi)B2a和B2b上(shang)播發寬帶信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)。信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)應具(ju)有較高的(de)(de)測距(ju)性能和抗頻帶內干擾的(de)(de)能力。兩(liang)個(ge)載(zai)波中心頻點(dian)的(de)(de)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)應在(zai)發射(she)(she)(she)端(duan)復用成一(yi)個(ge)恒包絡信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),以節約載(zai)荷資源。并盡可(ke)能降低復用損(sun)失。此(ci)外,這(zhe)種合(he)并使B2信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)在(zai)接(jie)(jie)收(shou)機端(duan)既可(ke)以看(kan)作為兩(liang)組(zu)QPSK(10)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)分(fen)別接(jie)(jie)收(shou),又(you)為未來的(de)(de)高端(duan)接(jie)(jie)收(shou)機提(ti)供超(chao)寬帶接(jie)(jie)收(shou)的(de)(de)可(ke)能。另外重要的(de)(de)一(yi)點(dian)是,信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)方(fang)案應具(ju)有自(zi)主(zhu)知(zhi)識產權。時分(fen) AltBOc( TD-AltBOC),是我國具(ju)有自(zi)主(zhu)知(zhi)識產權的(de)(de)一(yi)種調制(zhi)技(ji)術(shu)(shu),為了(le)降低發射(she)(she)(she)機的(de)(de)實現(xian)復雜(za)度,其每一(yi)邊帶的(de)(de)數據、導頻分(fen)量(liang)采用時分(fen)復用技(ji)術(shu)(shu)形成一(yi)路(lu)二(er)值信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao),之后使用2分(fen)量(liang)ABOC技(ji)術(shu)(shu),進(jin)行合(he)并發射(she)(she)(she)。非對(dui)稱恒包絡BOC( ACE-BOC)同(tong)樣是一(yi)種具(ju)有自(zi)主(zhu)知(zhi)識產權,且滿足(zu)北(bei)斗(dou)B2頻點(dian)信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)設(she)計要求(qiu)的(de)(de)新技(ji)術(shu)(shu),其數據和導頻分(fen)量(liang)正交放置,組(zu)成信號(hao)(hao)(hao)(hao)分(fen)量(liang)支持任(ren)意的(de)(de)功率配比(bi),具(ju)有很高的(de)(de)設(she)計靈活性。相(xiang)比(bi)于 ACE-BOC, TD-AltBOC的(de)(de)發射(she)(she)(she)機實現(xian)較為簡單。
ACE-BOC的(de)(de)(de)(de)數(shu)據、導頻(pin)分量正(zheng)交放置(zhi),確保信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)后向兼容能(neng)(neng)力,方(fang)便(bian)發(fa)射(she)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)(de)隨時調整,而不(bu)會對已經投入(ru)使用的(de)(de)(de)(de)接收機產生影響。此外(wai),正(zheng)交放置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)與GPS和Gal在同(tong)一頻(pin)段的(de)(de)(de)(de)信號(hao)具有高度(du)互操(cao)作(zuo)能(neng)(neng)力,能(neng)(neng)更好的(de)(de)(de)(de)支持未來的(de)(de)(de)(de)北斗(dou)+GPS+Gale三系(xi)統(tong)接收機的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)架構。在生成復雜(za)度(du)上(shang), ACE-BOC信號(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)低復雜(za)度(du)實現(xian)方(fang)式具有與ABOC相同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)時鐘速率與電(dian)路(lu)結(jie)構。
雙QPSK
雙QPSK是(shi)一(yi)種具有(you)自主知識產權的(de)(de)(de)星上(shang)復用技術,能夠(gou)解決B3頻(pin)點兩(liang)個BOC和QPSK在星上(shang)發射機(ji)中等功率合并的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求,其中BOC(15,25)有(you)正(zheng)交的(de)(de)(de)數據、導頻(pin)通道。推廣的(de)(de)(de)雙QPSK能夠(gou)對靈活控制合并信(xin)號的(de)(de)(de)功率能夠(gou)實現兩(liang)個類QPSK信(xin)號的(de)(de)(de)任(ren)意功率比恒包(bao)絡(luo)合并,且能得(de)到優化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)解析實現和最大化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)功率效率,解決B3頻(pin)點平穩過渡的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)求。
北斗(dou)衛(wei)星導航系(xi)統(tong)的坐標框架采用中國(guo)2000大地坐標系(xi)統(tong)CGCs2000)。北斗(dou)衛(wei)星導航系(xi)統(tong)的時間基準為北斗(dou)時(BDT)。
北斗系統的坐(zuo)標系統采(cai)用2000中(zhong)國大地坐(zuo)標系(CGCS2000)。
CGCS2000大地坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)系的(de)定義(yi)(yi)如下:原(yuan)點位于地球質心;Z軸(zhou)指向國際地球自轉服務組織(ERS)定義(yi)(yi)的(de)參(can)(can)考(kao)極(RP)方向;X軸(zhou)為正RS定義(yi)(yi)的(de)參(can)(can)考(kao)子午(wu)面(RM)與通(tong)過原(yuan)點且同(tong)Z軸(zhou)正交(jiao)的(de)赤道面的(de)交(jiao)線:Y軸(zhou)與z、X軸(zhou)構成(cheng)右(you)手(shou)直角(jiao)坐(zuo)(zuo)標(biao)系。CGCS2000原(yuan)點也(ye)用作CGCS2000橢球的(de)幾何中心,Z軸(zhou)用作該旋轉橢球的(de)旋轉軸(zhou)CGCS2000參(can)(can)考(kao)橢球定義(yi)(yi)的(de)基(ji)本(ben)常數(shu)為:
長半軸:a=6378137.0m
地球(包含大氣層)引力常數:μ=3.986004418×1014m3/s2
扁率:f=1/298.257222101
地球自轉角速(su)度:ω=7.2921150×10-5rad
北斗(dou)系(xi)統的(de)(de)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)系(xi)統,采(cai)用(yong)北斗(dou)時(shi)(BDT)。BDT采(cai)用(yong)國際單位制(SD秒(miao)(miao)為基本單位連續累(lei)計(ji),不(bu)間(jian)(jian)秒(miao)(miao),起始歷元為2006年1月(yue)1日協調(diao)世界時(shi)(UTC)00時(shi)00分00秒(miao)(miao),采(cai)用(yong)周(zhou)和周(zhou)內秒(miao)(miao)計(ji)數(shu)。BDT通過UTC(NTSC)與國際UTC建(jian)立聯系(xi),BDT與UTC的(de)(de)偏差保持在(zai)(zai)100納秒(miao)(miao)以內(模1秒(miao)(miao))。BDT與UTC之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)閏(run)秒(miao)(miao)信息(xi)在(zai)(zai)導航電文中播報。
北斗(dou)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特色(se)很多,而且非(fei)常鮮明,其(qi)全球性覆蓋、全天(tian)候工作(zuo)、無(wu)(wu)限(xian)量(liang)(liang)用戶、高(gao)(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)服(fu)務,以及(ji)實時(shi)(shi)動態能力,都是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)其(qi)它導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)手(shou)段無(wu)(wu)法(fa)望其(qi)項背的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。多少年(nian)來,人們(men)最(zui)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情一(yi)(yi)直圍繞著(zhu)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)做文章。在行業中(zhong)流傳著(zhu)一(yi)(yi)句(ju)臉炙(zhi)人口的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)話:“衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)玩(wan)兒的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)”。通常GNSS提供的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)系統精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)為(wei)米(mi)(mi)級。如果采(cai)取(qu)增強或(huo)者差(cha)(cha)分方(fang)法(fa),精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)可(ke)以到亞米(mi)(mi)、分米(mi)(mi)、厘米(mi)(mi),甚至毫米(mi)(mi)級。說到精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du),就一(yi)(yi)定(ding)要談導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)心(xin)臟一(yi)(yi)星(xing)(xing)載原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),簡稱(cheng)星(xing)(xing)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)目前計(ji)時(shi)(shi)設(she)備中(zhong),精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)計(ji)時(shi)(shi)裝置,因此也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)在所有可(ke)計(ji)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)度(du)(du)(du)量(liang)(liang)衡參量(liang)(liang)中(zhong)能夠達(da)到的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)最(zui)高(gao)(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)參量(liang)(liang)。衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)一(yi)(yi)般采(cai)用銣鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、銫(se)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)和(he)(he)氫鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)(實際上是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)穩(wen)定(ding)度(du)(du)(du)誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha))通常為(wei)10-13至10-15左右,也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)每300萬(wan)年(nian)至3000萬(wan)年(nian)累計(ji)誤(wu)(wu)差(cha)(cha)不(bu)超(chao)過一(yi)(yi)秒(miao)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。采(cai)用星(xing)(xing)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)技(ji)術是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)高(gao)(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)保(bao)障的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)革命性舉(ju)措,它帶來三大(da)貢獻(xian):一(yi)(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)作(zuo)為(wei)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)上時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)頻(pin)率標準和(he)(he)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)距(ju)離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)手(shou)段;二(er)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)將原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)從(cong)(cong)地面(mian)搬上空間(jian)(jian)(jian)提供廣播(bo)方(fang)式發(fa)(fa)送。使得(de)原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)這樣小眾應(ying)用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)極高(gao)(gao)(gao)端(duan)產品,實現(xian)用戶無(wu)(wu)限(xian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)眾化服(fu)務;三是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)利用星(xing)(xing)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)廣播(bo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)作(zuo)為(wei)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)用戶機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參照量(liang)(liang),用戶接(jie)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)無(wu)(wu)需裝備高(gao)(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)時(shi)(shi)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong),就可(ke)以實現(xian)高(gao)(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)位、導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)和(he)(he)授時(shi)(shi)。其(qi)中(zhong)最(zui)應(ying)該(gai)強調的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),從(cong)(cong)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)發(fa)(fa)射(she)機(ji)(ji)(ji)至接(jie)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)距(ju)離(li)測(ce)量(liang)(liang),均歸結為(wei)測(ce)量(liang)(liang)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian),也(ye)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)從(cong)(cong)發(fa)(fa)射(she)機(ji)(ji)(ji)出發(fa)(fa)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)至接(jie)收機(ji)(ji)(ji)到達(da)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)延(或(huo)者稱(cheng)為(wei)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)間(jian)(jian)(jian)隔)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)鐘(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)時(shi)(shi)間(jian)(jian)(jian)確保(bao)了收發(fa)(fa)機(ji)(ji)(ji)之間(jian)(jian)(jian)導(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)航(hang)(hang)(hang)信號傳播(bo)時(shi)(shi)延測(ce)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)精(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)度(du)(du)(du)。
除了使用(yong)極高(gao)(gao)精(jing)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)星(xing)(xing)鐘之(zhi)外,實現(xian)高(gao)(gao)精(jing)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舉措(cuo)(cuo)之(zhi)二是(shi)(shi)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)多(duo)(duo)種(zhong)多(duo)(duo)樣方法,包括系(xi)(xi)統(tong)設計、多(duo)(duo)模增(zeng)(zeng)強、誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)改(gai)正(zheng)和(he)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)分(fen)技術(shu),消(xiao)弭誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)軌(gui)(gui)道誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、星(xing)(xing)鐘漂(piao)移誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)層(ceng)和(he)對流(liu)層(ceng)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)、多(duo)(duo)徑(jing)效應誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)等等),提高(gao)(gao)精(jing)度(du)(du)。在(zai)(zai)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)設計中,采(cai)(cai)用(yong)雙(shuang)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)或者多(duo)(duo)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)體制,最為(wei)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)思路,是(shi)(shi)消(xiao)除電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)層(ceng)效應影(ying)響,由(you)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)層(ceng)是(shi)(shi)色散介質,也就是(shi)(shi)對于(yu)不同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率,影(ying)響有差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)別(bie),基本(ben)上是(shi)(shi)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率越高(gao)(gao),影(ying)響越小(xiao),而(er)且(qie)影(ying)響程度(du)(du)與頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率的(de)(de)(de)(de)平方成反比。因此采(cai)(cai)用(yong)雙(shuang)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)或者多(duo)(duo)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)體制,利用(yong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)率間(jian)確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)倍數(shu)(shu)比率關系(xi)(xi),可以(yi)將電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)層(ceng)效應進行同(tong)頻(pin)(pin)(pin)歸一(yi)化差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)分(fen)相(xiang)(xiang)消(xiao)方法,加以(yi)剔(ti)除。在(zai)(zai)包括星(xing)(xing)基增(zeng)(zeng)強、地(di)基增(zeng)(zeng)強、輔(fu)助GNSS等多(duo)(duo)模增(zeng)(zeng)強系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中,采(cai)(cai)取的(de)(de)(de)(de)措(cuo)(cuo)施就是(shi)(shi)提供(gong)(gong)更加精(jing)密的(de)(de)(de)(de)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)星(xing)(xing)歷軌(gui)(gui)道改(gai)正(zheng)數(shu)(shu)和(he)星(xing)(xing)鐘的(de)(de)(de)(de)精(jing)密時(shi)鐘改(gai)正(zheng)數(shu)(shu),以(yi)及電(dian)(dian)(dian)離(li)(li)層(ceng)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)改(gai)正(zheng)數(shu)(shu)。從(cong)而(er)提高(gao)(gao)用(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)精(jing)度(du)(du),這(zhe)些年來在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)些改(gai)正(zheng)數(shu)(shu)提供(gong)(gong)方面,逐步(bu)從(cong)事后(hou)(或者延時(shi))提供(gong)(gong),改(gai)進成為(wei)實時(shi)網絡(luo)發(fa)布提供(gong)(gong),使得應用(yong)服務水平有本(ben)質性(xing)提升。實現(xian)高(gao)(gao)精(jing)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舉措(cuo)(cuo)之(zhi)三是(shi)(shi)普遍(bian)采(cai)(cai)用(yong)各種(zhong)各樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)分(fen)技術(shu),有碼(ma)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)、載波(bo)相(xiang)(xiang)位(wei)(wei)參量層(ceng)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)單機與多(duo)(duo)機層(ceng)面、局(ju)域(yu)和(he)廣域(yu)層(ceng)面、靜態(tai)事后(hou)與實時(shi)動態(tai)層(ceng)面的(de)(de)(de)(de),以(yi)及網絡(luo)與系(xi)(xi)統(tong)層(ceng)面的(de)(de)(de)(de),足足可以(yi)專門寫成一(yi)本(ben)書。實現(xian)高(gao)(gao)精(jing)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)舉措(cuo)(cuo)之(zhi)四是(shi)(shi)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)策略,是(shi)(shi)考慮(lv)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)在(zai)(zai)空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何(he)(he)分(fen)布,精(jing)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)幾何(he)(he)因子系(xi)(xi)數(shu)(shu),往(wang)往(wang)成為(wei)誤(wu)差(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)(cha)放大因子。如何(he)(he)選擇空間(jian)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)合理分(fen)布,在(zai)(zai)多(duo)(duo)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)GNSS存在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)今天來說,可能是(shi)(shi)個越來越好解決的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題(ti),怎(zen)樣充分(fen)利用(yong)空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)萊容(rong)互操作(zuo)衛(wei)(wei)(wei)星(xing)(xing)信號來大幅(fu)度(du)(du)提高(gao)(gao)定(ding)(ding)位(wei)(wei)精(jing)度(du)(du),成為(wei)一(yi)個非常有價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)課題(ti)。
在北斗三號全(quan)球布網順(shun)利進行之(zhi)時,我國衛(wei)星導航產業即將迎來高歌(ge)猛(meng)進的發(fa)展新時期(qi),我們應該以前性目光,全(quan)方位多層次地評價北斗時空這一中國人(ren)民在偉大(da)時代的偉大(da)創新。
北斗,是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)的(de)(de)北斗、世界的(de)(de)北斗,是(shi)一帶(dai)一路倡議、融合創新(xin)發(fa)展和科(ke)技(ji)強國(guo)(guo)復興三大國(guo)(guo)家戰(zhan)略(lve)交(jiao)匯(hui)點(dian)和牛鼻子式抓手(shou),北斗時空(kong)是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)人民在(zai)偉大時代偉大事業中(zhong)偉大創新(xin)的(de)(de)典型樣板和杰(jie)出代表,也是(shi)我們建設具(ju)有(you)全球影(ying)響力的(de)(de)科(ke)技(ji)創新(xin)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)最為重要(yao)的(de)(de)中(zhong)樞(shu)基礎與核心凝聚(ju)力,和新(xin)時空(kong)服(fu)務(wu)體系與新(xin)興的(de)(de)智能信息產業的(de)(de)發(fa)源(yuan)地(di),還是(shi)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)時空(kong)服(fu)務(wu)國(guo)(guo)家品牌和世界級領軍式平臺(tai)型科(ke)技(ji)巨頭及其(qi)所(suo)帶(dai)動的(de)(de)骨(gu)干(gan)群體孵(fu)化(hua)器。
在科技(ji)(ji)領域中,很少有(you)北斗那樣能(neng)夠(gou)在政治、經(jing)濟、科技(ji)(ji)、社會四個方面(mian),都能(neng)夠(gou)產(chan)生(sheng)明顯(xian)巨大效(xiao)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統,而北斗真正體(ti)(ti)現了自主(zhu)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)、協同創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)和開放(fang)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)(quan)方位(wei)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)精神,而從北斗所提(ti)升凝練出來的(de)(de)(de)(de)北斗新(xin)(xin)(xin)時(shi)空體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)及(ji)其所推進的(de)(de)(de)(de)智(zhi)能(neng)信息產(chan)業(ye),真正凝聚出科學理論、技(ji)(ji)術實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)、產(chan)業(ye)發展和體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)推進的(de)(de)(de)(de)多層次創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)成果,從而得四大制權(quan),打(da)(da)造四大體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi),這(zhe)就是:實(shi)現理論創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin),贏(ying)得制時(shi)空治理權(quan),打(da)(da)造國家安全(quan)(quan)(quan)和國民誠(cheng)信保障體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi);實(shi)現實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin),贏(ying)得制國際話語權(quan),打(da)(da)造全(quan)(quan)(quan)球領先(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)新(xin)(xin)(xin)時(shi)空服務創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi);實(shi)現產(chan)業(ye)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin),贏(ying)得制發展主(zhu)動權(quan)打(da)(da)造產(chan)業(ye)轉型升級跨越發展體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi);實(shi)現體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin),得制標準知產(chan)權(quan),打(da)(da)造全(quan)(quan)(quan)方位(wei)多層次群體(ti)(ti)創(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)、融合引領、協同推進、服務分享的(de)(de)(de)(de)社會生(sheng)態體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)。
北(bei)斗時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)這(zhe)樣的(de)(de)偉大創新,其不(bu)可限量的(de)(de)價值(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)于其占(zhan)領時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間空(kong)(kong)間這(zhe)種(zhong)全局性、基礎性、持續性和關鍵性科技制高點,是(shi)種(zhong)不(bu)可或缺不(bu)可替(ti)代(dai)的(de)(de)總體態勢存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai),是(shi)任何人(ren)事物均須史(shi)離不(bu)開(kai)的(de)(de)獨特(te)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。而(er)北(bei)斗新時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong),新在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)代(dai)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間技術已經(jing)成(cheng)為精準計算與(yu)度(du)量衡(heng)的(de)(de)頂(ding)峰(feng),空(kong)(kong)間度(du)量又依托時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)間度(du)量,體現(xian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)一體的(de)(de)存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)現(xian)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai),在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)移動(dong)革命(ming)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)代(dai),精準在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)一定程(cheng)度(du)上就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)智(zhi)能(neng)的(de)(de)代(dai)名(ming)詞。從而(er)構成(cheng)和產(chan)生(sheng)北(bei)斗新時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)的(de)(de)“七律”,這(zhe)就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi):時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)一體,泛在(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)(zai)智(zhi)能(neng);實(shi)時(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)動(dong)態,確(que)保精準;海陸空(kong)(kong)天,一網(wang)打(da)盡(jin);變(bian)自(zi)生(sheng)變(bian),以速(su)制衡(heng);全息互聯,以人(ren)為本;協同分(fen)享(xiang),群體創新:簡約極致,服務人(ren)人(ren)。
從經(jing)濟效益(yi)而(er)(er)言,應該說(shuo)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)個標(biao)桿,自從北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)在(zai)(zai)(zai)2012年(nian)開(kai)始投入(ru)區域(yu)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)以(yi)(yi)來,我(wo)(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航(hang)(hang)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)以(yi)(yi)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)為(wei)(wei)核(he)心(xin)推(tui)(tui)動(dong)(dong)力(li)突破了五大(da)(da)(da)市(shi)(shi)場領域(yu),這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi):汽車前裝市(shi)(shi)場,智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)手(shou)機(ji)市(shi)(shi)場,高精度專業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)場,國(guo)際化市(shi)(shi)場以(yi)(yi)及與(yu)其(qi)他技(ji)術(shu)與(yu)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)融(rong)合(he)(he)市(shi)(shi)場,取得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長(chang)足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)步成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)世(shi)界(jie)上發展最快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)場,平(ping)(ping)均每年(nian)以(yi)(yi)超過(guo)20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)年(nian)增長(chang)率快速占有(you)市(shi)(shi)場,至2018年(nian),我(wo)(wo)國(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)產(chan)值突破三千(qian)億元,占全(quan)球衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航(hang)(hang)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)場總(zong)值的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五分之一強。作為(wei)(wei)一個新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)技(ji)術(shu)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye),在(zai)(zai)(zai)不太(tai)長(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發展階(jie)段中(zhong),在(zai)(zai)(zai)全(quan)球系(xi)(xi)統(tong)尚(shang)未完成(cheng)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠做到這(zhe)一點,實(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)很不容(rong)易的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情,或(huo)者說(shuo)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一件(jian)了不起的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)事(shi)情,在(zai)(zai)(zai)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)技(ji)術(shu)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)中(zhong),不僅具(ju)有(you)標(biao)桿性,更是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有(you)里(li)程(cheng)(cheng)碑意義的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)事(shi)。而(er)(er)且更加值得(de)(de)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi),在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)二號(hao)和(he)(he)三號(hao)建(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)十多年(nian)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)重大(da)(da)(da)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投入(ru)資金為(wei)(wei)700多億元,相當于每天有(you)近(jin)兩(liang)千(qian)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)投入(ru)。但是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2018年(nian)一年(nian)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)衛(wei)(wei)星(xing)導(dao)航(hang)(hang)行業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)總(zong)產(chan)值中(zhong)獲得(de)(de)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)稅(shui)收,就(jiu)把十余年(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)全(quan)部投入(ru)都收回來了。這(zhe)種(zhong)(zhong)巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟效益(yi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)任何其(qi)他高新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)技(ji)術(shu)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)不能(neng)(neng)(neng)望(wang)其(qi)項背的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。因為(wei)(wei)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)這(zhe)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偉(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)真正(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)開(kai)放(fang)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),動(dong)(dong)員千(qian)軍萬(wan)(wan)(wan)馬,利(li)及千(qian)家萬(wan)(wan)(wan)戶(hu),用(yong)(yong)于千(qian)千(qian)萬(wan)(wan)(wan)萬(wan)(wan)(wan),它是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)軍民(min)兩(liang)用(yong)(yong)和(he)(he)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)國(guo)計(ji)民(min)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),也(ye)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)民(min)用(yong)(yong)開(kai)放(fang)免費的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),更是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)戶(hu)無限的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)時(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)基(ji)礎設(she)施,可以(yi)(yi)改變人(ren)們生活方(fang)式的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)(zhong)客觀存在(zai)(zai)(zai)。實(shi)際上,這(zhe)還只(zhi)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)剛剛開(kai)始,還僅僅是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)本(ben)身的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)定位導(dao)航(hang)(hang)授(shou)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)+”發展階(jie)段,而(er)(er)正(zheng)在(zai)(zai)(zai)開(kai)啟的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“+北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)”新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)階(jie)段,是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)真正(zheng)發揮北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)核(he)心(xin)引(yin)領和(he)(he)關鍵帶動(dong)(dong)力(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)與(yu)市(shi)(shi)場發展新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)階(jie)段。通過(guo)舉國(guo)體(ti)制(zhi)與(yu)調動(dong)(dong)一切積極因素,建(jian)(jian)設(she)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)科創(chuang)(chuang)中(zhong)心(xin)(主要包括思想創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)智(zhi)(zhi)庫(ku)、前沿創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)中(zhong)心(xin)、科技(ji)集(ji)成(cheng)創(chuang)(chuang)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)與(yu)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)共享大(da)(da)(da)平(ping)(ping)臺),推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)與(yu)其(qi)他GNSS兼(jian)容(rong)互操作的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)標(biao)配(pei)化和(he)(he)中(zhong)國(guo)時(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)2030年(nian)行動(dong)(dong)計(ji)劃(hua)等(deng)一系(xi)(xi)列重大(da)(da)(da)舉措,促進(jin)(jin)北(bei)(bei)斗(dou)(dou)導(dao)航(hang)(hang)與(yu)其(qi)他技(ji)術(shu)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)和(he)(he)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)市(shi)(shi)場實(shi)現(xian)天基(ji)地(di)基(ji)、室(shi)內室(shi)外、通信(xin)(xin)導(dao)航(hang)(hang)深(shen)度跨界(jie)融(rong)合(he)(he),成(cheng)規模、成(cheng)建(jian)(jian)制(zhi)、成(cheng)體(ti)系(xi)(xi)地(di)實(shi)現(xian)對于傳統(tong)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改造和(he)(he)供(gong)給側改革(ge),并且也(ye)包括在(zai)(zai)(zai)物聯(lian)網、大(da)(da)(da)數據(ju)(ju)、人(ren)工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)、移動(dong)(dong)互聯(lian)網、云計(ji)算與(yu)超級計(ji)算、區塊(kuai)鏈等(deng)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)興(xing)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)群(qun)體(ti)集(ji)聚、資源整合(he)(he)和(he)(he)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)集(ji)大(da)(da)(da)成(cheng)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong),發揮其(qi)不可或(huo)缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)核(he)心(xin)關鍵基(ji)礎總(zong)成(cheng)架構體(ti)系(xi)(xi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)巨(ju)大(da)(da)(da)作用(yong)(yong),快速培育出世(shi)界(jie)級領軍式平(ping)(ping)臺型科技(ji)巨(ju)頭和(he)(he)新(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)(xin)時(shi)(shi)(shi)空(kong)(kong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)數據(ju)(ju)與(yu)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)偉(wei)(wei)大(da)(da)(da)企業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)群(qun)體(ti),推(tui)(tui)進(jin)(jin)中(zhong)國(guo)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)信(xin)(xin)息(xi)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)長(chang)足發展,形成(cheng)中(zhong)國(guo)服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家品牌領先優勢,服(fu)務(wu)(wu)(wu)全(quan)中(zhong)國(guo)、全(quan)世(shi)界(jie)、全(quan)人(ren)類。
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